Summary about the meaning of verbal roots and verbal endings

• According to Śabara, in every verb there is the general idea of "causing to be" something and the concept of a specific activity. They can be loosely connected to verbal ending and verbal root respectively.
• According to Kumārila, both the verbal root and the verbal ending express an activity, and the two are linked as universal and particular: the verbal ending expresses an action in general, the verbal root specifies it.
• According to Maṇḍana, the verbal root only expresses the action's result. The verbal ending alone expresses the action.
• According to Someśvara, the verbal root expresses the movement caused by effort, which is expressed by the verbal ending.
• According to Pārthasārathi, the verbal root and the verbal ending may have different specific meanings. The bhāvanā is however in every case characterised by the fact of leading to the production of something else (possibly, unlike the meaning of the verbal root).