In all these cases, Sanskrit seems to be much less difficult than usually thought, and relatively easy to master, if one does not take into account its semantic richness.
In fact, I mainly read sentences structured as follows:
A [is] B. Because of C.
This can be expressed as:
- 1. B A [asti/bhavati…]. C-tvāt.
- 2. B A [asti/bhavati…]. A hi C.
- 3. B A [asti/bhavati…]. tathāhi A1 [asti/bhavati] C.
(with A1 included in A).
There are also negative versions of the above, showing that the opposite cannot be admitted. Apart from pure negations (na hi…), one might read:
4. B A [asti/bhavati…]. A nonB-anupapatteḥ.
If the sentence is more complex and the author wants to elaborate further on C, s/he can add a further reason:
5. B A [asti/bhavati…]. C-tvāt, D-tvena.
And B A [asti/bhavati…] can again be expressed in several ways:
- 6. B A [asti/bhavati…].
- 7. A-[VI ending] B-tvam.
- 8. A-[IInd ending] prati B-tvam.
- 9. A B-tvena [dṛśyate…].
If one wants to stress that B is the predicate:
- 10. B eva A [asti/bhavati…].
Or, mostly in comments:
- 11. A B ity [arthaḥ/bhāvaḥ/yāvat]
Moreover, an objector might have something against it:
nanu.…iti cet?
Which forces the siddhāntin to reply:
ucyate:…
Either he partially corrects the objector:
satyam. kintu…
Or he altogether refutes him:
tad ayuktam. yataḥ…
tan na sambhavati. E-tvāt
3 comments:
You mention -tvât and -tvena as reasons. Often they are used in combination, with -tvena first. Could you tell more on their function when they are thus used together ?
As a rule, -tvāt expresses the reason for the main statement (e.g., A is B). -tvena expresses the reason for -tvāt.
E.g.: sound is non-perpetual, because it is artificial. [And it is artificial] because it has an author, like the pot.
śabdo 'nityaḥ, ghaṭavat, sakartṛtvena kṛtakatvāt.
Many thanks !
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